Trauma is the response to witnessing or experiencing a deeply distressing or disturbing event (or series of events) which overwhelms an individual’s ability to cope and function normally. Trauma is not only the result of serious injury or life-threatening events such as natural disasters, violent crimes and so on, but also as a result of any event or ongoing situation that causes distress, fear, or helplessness.

Some examples include interpersonal conflict, infidelity, having critical or unsupportive parents, experiencing a lot of unpredictability. Trauma shapes the way we live, the way we love and the way we make sense of the world.

Addiction exists on a spectrum and comes in many forms. Addictions can be to a substance or a behaviour. What can start out as problematic but relatively low risk can easily spiral out of control for some. Addiction is characterised by a compulsion to repeat, experience of cravings, repeated use despite destructive consequences and a loss of control.

Anxiety is a normal stress response. It helps us to respond to real or perceived threats in our environment. However, it becomes maladaptive when it is chronic and difficult to manage and is interfering with normal functioning.

Attachment refers to the deep emotional bonds created between two people. Everyone has an attachment style which is a specific pattern of behaviour in and around relationships. Attachment issues are where an individual has challenges forming a secure and healthy bond within adult intimate relationships.

Relationship issues arise no matter what your attachment style is. Counselling can help you understand how your own personal issues and dynamics might be affecting your relationships.

Having low self-esteem means not thinking of yourself very highly, and not believing in your abilities and worth as a person. This expresses itself in every aspect of your life from the way you treat yourself, to the choices you make and how you connect with and relate to others.

Shame feels like humiliation, exposure, and unworthiness all in one. A small amount of shame is healthy and serves a social purpose. Shame becomes harmful when it is long lasting and negatively impacting your mental well-being and functioning. It is strongly connected with low-self-esteem.

Loss occurs in many forms and is an inescapable part of life. It is the real or perceived deprivation of something meaningful to us, and grief is our response to the losses we experience. There are multiple types of losses, such as the loss of a relationship, job, home, pet, health, parts of ourselves (emotional and psychological), the death of a loved one and more.

Depression is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities that one used to enjoy. It is much more than just feeling sad or down for a short period; instead, it's a pervasive and debilitating condition that can affect all aspects of a person's life, including their emotions, thoughts, behaviors, and physical health.